The Decline Of The Republic
Date
Roman Affairs
Cultural Developments
70 B.C.
Consulate of Crassus and Pompey
Birth of Virgil
66-63 B.C.
Pompey reorganizes the East
65 B.C.
Birth of Horace
63 B.C.
Consulate of CiceroCatilinarian ConspiracyCaesar elected pontifex maximus
60 B.C.
First Triumvirate formed among Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
59 B.C.
Consulate of CaesarPompey marries Julia, Caesar's daughter
58 B.C.
Caesar begins his Gallic Wars
Caesar writes Gallic Wars (58-52 B.C.)
55 B.C.
Caesar invades Britain
Theater of Pompey completed
53 B.C.
Crassus is killed at Carrhae by the Parthians
51 B.C.
Cicero writes de Republica
49 B.C.
Caesar crosses Rubicon and Pompey flees as civil war begins
48 B.C.
Caesar defeats Pompey at battle of Pharsalus
47-45 B.C.
Caesar campaigns against Pompeians in Africa, Spain and the East Caesar is dictator until 44 B.C.
46 B.C.
Caesar's Forum begun in Rome
45 B.C.
Caesar returns to Rome from Spain
Cicero's major philosophical works published (45-44 B.C.)
44 B.C.
Caesar is assassinated
Cicero attacks Antony in his Philippics
43 B.C.
Second Triumvirate formed among Antony, Lepidus and Octavian Cicero murdered
42 B.C.
Liberators defeated at battle at Philippi Brutus and Cassius commit suicide
41-32 B.C.
Antony campaigns in the East
40 B.C.
Antony marries OctaviaTreaty of Brundisium signed
37 B.C.
Triumvirate renewed
Horace writes Satires (37-30 B.C.)
36-35 B.C.
Campaigns against Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey
31 B.C.
Octavian defeats Antony at battle of Actium
30 B.C.
Antony and Cleopatra commit suicideEgypt annexed by Rome
Horace publishes Epodes
29 B.C.
Virgil completes Georgics
The Empire
Date
Roman Affairs
Cultural Developments
27 B.C.
Octavian assumes title of Augustus and becomes first emperor; Gaul is organized into a province
Pantheon is completed
25 B.C.
Ovid begins Amores
24-23 B.C.
Publication of Horace's Odes 1-3
20 B.C.
Peace made with Parthians, who return Roman standards captured at Carrhae
Building of Temple of Mars
19 B.C.
Virgil and Tibullus die
18 B.C.
Augustan social and marriage reforms begun
12 B.C.
Death of Agrippa;Augustus becomes pontifex maximus on death of Lepidus;Tiberius's campaign in Pannonia (to 9 B.C.)
12-8 B.C.
Death of Maecenas and Horace
6 B.C.- 2 A.D.
Tiberius retires to RhodesTiberius given tribunician power and adopts nephew Germanicus
Ovid writes fasti
A.D.
8
Ovid banished to Black Sea
9
Pannonian Revolt (from 6 A.D.)
19
Death of Germanicus
20
Death of Drusus, son of the emperor
27
Tiberius retires to Capri
31
Sejanus, the Praetorian prefect, is executed
43
Invasion of Britain under Plautius
59
Murder of Agrippina by Nero's men
61
Revolt of Iceni in Britain, led by Boudicca
64
Fire sweeps Rome, Christians persecuted
Nero's Golden House begun
65
Pisonian Conspiracy
Seneca and Lucan commit suicide
66
Jewish Revolt begins
69
Year of the Four Emperors: Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian
70
Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem
79
Eruption of Vesuvius, with Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed
Death of Pliny the Elder at Pompeii
80
Fire in Rome, Capitoline Temple destroyed
Colosseum opened
85
Agricola's campaigns end in Britain
Domitian's palace built on Palatine
86
Domitian campaigns against Dacians
Statius, Martial, Quintilian and Silius Italicus active
98
Trajan becomes emperor
101-106
Trajan conquers DaciaArabia becomes a province
Dio Chrysostom, Epictetus and Plutarch active
110-111
Tacitus writes Histories and Annals
112-113
Trajan's Forum and Column dedicated
114-117
Trajan campaigns in Parthia, Armenia and Mesopotamia, annexing them
Arch of Trajan at Beneventum
115-117
Jewish RevoltThe Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent
117
Hadrian becomes emperor
Hellenism is revived in the Empire
132-135
Bar Cochba's revolt; final Diaspora of the Jews
Hadrian's Villa built at TivoliHadrian's Wall built in Britain
138
Antoninus Pius becomes emperor
142
Wall of Antoninus Pius built
161
Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor
162-166
Parthian Wars of Verus
165-167
Rome suffers from severe plague
Apuleius and Galen active
168-175
Marcus campaigns in German Wars
Justin martyred
174-180
Marcus Aurelius writes Meditations
193
Septimius Severus becomes emperor
Column of Marcus Aurelius completed
208-211
Severus campaigns in Britain
Philostratus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Herodian and Sextus Empiricus activeArch of Septimius Severus erected
212
Constitutio Antoniniana provides citizenship to all in Empire
216
Baths of Caracalla completed
223
Ulpian, the prefect and jurist, is killed
226
Ardashir crowned in Iran; launches war against Rome
235
Beginning of military emperors
249-51
Decius persecutes Christians
258
Cyprian martyred
267
Goths invade Greece
270
Death of Plotinus
271
Aurelian Walls erected in Rome
The Tetrarchies
Date
Roman Affairs
Cultural Developments
284
Diocletian begins reforms; establishes the tetrarchy
303-305
Persecution of Christians
306-337
Reign of Constantine the Great
Constantinople is founded as chief city of the Empire during Constantine's reign
312
Battle of Milvian BridgeChristianity becomes a sanctioned religion
313-322
Christian basilica erected in Rome
360-363
Julian the Apostate emperor
378-395
Theodosius emperor
395
Rome divided among Theodosius' sons
410
Rome sacked by Alaric the Visigoth
430
St. Augustine dies
439
Vandals conquer Carthage and Africa
455
Vandals sack Rome
The Decline Of The Empire
Date
Roman Affairs
Cultural Developments
476
Fall of Roman Empire in West
527-565
Justinian labors to restore the Roman Empire
633-635
Arabs conquer Syria, Egypt and the Sassanid Persian Empire
1453
Ottomans conquer Constantinople and end Roman Empire in the East.
Sunday, July 09, 2006
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